The paleostructure restoration for petroliferous basin has a close relationship with the hydrocarbon generation and accumulation, and the existed methods of paleostructure restoration have certain limitations and restrict the exploration and development of oil and gas. This paper analyzed the methods of the paleostructure restoration including pagoda chart，isopach map，balanced section，paleostructure restoration through seismic attributes, paleostructure restoration in three dimensional space and the reconstruction of the same deformable body, and pointed out the application conditions and problems of each method in practice. The recovery of eroded amount，de-fault and de-fold, decompaction and correction of ancient water depth are inevitable key technologies. Whether we can use the technologies reasonably influences the accuracy of the paleostructure restoration. It also put forward the development trends of paleostructure restoration method, which provides instructions for the paleostructure restoration.

含油气盆地古构造与油气的成烃、成藏关系密切，但目前已有的古构造恢复方法均具有一定的局 限性，制约了油气的勘探开发。该文分析总结了古构造恢复方法发展至今形成的“宝塔图”法、厚度图法、 平衡剖面法、地震属性恢复古构造法、三维空间古构造恢复法、同一变形体古构造恢复法等诸多方法，并 分别指出了各种方法的适用范围和在实际应用中存在的问题。剥蚀量恢复、去断层、去褶皱、去压实校正 及古水深校正等是古构造恢复中的关键技术，能否合理运用这些技术将直接影响到古构造恢复的准确 性。文中对这些关键技术作了详细分析，此外还归纳了古构造恢复中存在的主要问题，并指出了古构造恢 复方法未来的发展趋势。

 Petroleum systems of block A in Lower Congo Basin were divided into two salt layers such as pre-salt and pos-salt, and hydrocarbon of this two systems migrated in different ways. Based on seismic and basin modeling data, temperature and pressure fields were employed to calculate density of oil and gas in order to find out the characteri- stics of fluid potential and its implication to hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in block A of Lower Congo Basin. The fluid potential of post-salt petroleum system was controlled by depth and sedimentary facies. Hydro- carbon migration dynamics exhibited fluid potential driving difference, with the most important controlling factors being buoyancy and capillary pressure. The key factor of hydrocarbon accumulation is the good match between effective tensional fault, marine oil-gas source rock and turbidite stone. The fluid potential of pre-salt petroleum system was characterized by depth-controlled and hydraulic pressure-controlled while buoyancy and overpressure allowed hydrocarbons to migrate. The key factor of hydrocarbon accumulation is the coupling between burial depth of strata underlying salt layer and salt thickness. Overall, fluid potential is better matched with hydrocarbon discovery in the study area, and the coinciding lower regions of oil, gas and water potential are the major next-term exploration area.

下刚果盆地 A 区块因发育盐岩而分为盐上与盐下 2 套含油气系统，油气运聚方式存在一定差异。 结合三维地震和盆地模拟资料，综合考虑温度场和压力场对油气密度的影响，重点查明了下刚果盆地 A 区块流体势特征及其对油气运聚的影响。 盐上含油气系统流体势具有位控和相控特征，油气运移的动力 机制为以浮力和毛管压力为主控因素的流体势势差驱动，油气成藏的关键要素为有效发育的张性断裂和 海相烃源岩及浊积砂岩间的良好匹配；盐下含油气系统流体势具有位控和压控特征，油气运移的动力机 制为以浮力和水动力为主控因素的流体势势差驱动，油气成藏的关键要素为盐构造处下伏地层埋藏深度 和盐岩厚度大小间的耦合关系。 总体而言，研究区流体势低势区与已发现油气藏匹配较好，油、气及水势 低值叠合部为下一阶段油气勘探的重点区带。

Linxing area in Ordos Basin has great potential of natural gas exploration and development, so it is an important succeeding area for tight sandstone gas exploration. Due to the poor physical properties of tight sandstone reservoir and complex genesis of tight reservoir, the industrial development of tight sandstone gas in this area is restricted. Based on the data of X?ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, cathodoluminescence, cast thin section, fluid inclusions and laboratory test, the characteristics and genesis of tight sandstone reservoirs of Shanxi Formation in Lingxing area were studied. The result shows that the sandstone reservoirs are mainly litharenite and sub ? litharenite, and the pore types are mainly primary intergranular pores and secondary dissolved pores. The reservoir physical pro?perties are poor, with the average reservoir porosity of 5.9% and the average permeability of 0.073 mD. Both the disp?lacement pressure and the median saturation pressure are high. The pore throat radius is small and the sorting is poor. The diagenetic sequence of tight sandstone reservoir is divided into four generations of clay filling, which makes the reservoir tight. The quantitative analysis of porosity evolution shows that reservoir quality in the study area is mainly affected by compaction and cementation. The porosity loss due to the compaction is 17.1% at the early diagenetic stage, and the porosity loss due to the compaction and cementation is 22.9% at the middle diagenetic stage. In cementation, a large number of clay minerals filled the pores and clogged the throat,which makes the primary intergranular pores become tiny intercrystalline pores. In addition, it makes the pore surface rough and increases the detour degrees, resulting in the reservoir porosity and permeability greatly reduced.

鄂尔多斯盆地临兴地区具有巨大的天然气勘探开发潜力，是我国重要的致密砂岩气接替区，但其致密砂岩储层物性较差，储层致密化成因复杂，制约了该区致密砂岩气的产业化发展。根据X 射线衍射、扫描电镜、阴极发光、铸体薄片、流体包裹体及分析化验等资料，对研究区山西组致密砂岩储层特征及成因进行了系统研究。结果表明：该区砂岩储层岩性主要为岩屑砂岩和次岩屑砂岩，储集空间以剩余原生粒间孔和次生溶蚀孔为主；砂岩储层物性较差，平均孔隙度为5.9%，平均渗透率为0.073 mD，排驱压力和饱和度中值压力均较高，孔喉半径小且分选性较差，孔隙结构参数总体较差。对致密砂岩储层成岩序列的划分表明，该区砂岩储层具有4 个世代的黏土充填，多期次的黏土充填使储层逐渐致密化。孔隙度演化定量分析表明，该区储层质量主要受压实作用和胶结作用的影响，早成岩阶段压实作用造成17.1% 的孔隙度损失，中成岩阶段压实作用和胶结作用造成22.9% 的孔隙度损失，其中，胶结作用中的黏土矿物大量充填孔隙并堵塞喉道，不仅导致原生粒间孔隙变成了微小的晶间孔隙，而且使孔隙表面变得粗糙，迂回度增加，导致储层孔隙度和渗透率大大降低。

利用地层厚度对比法、用相对剥蚀量代替绝对剥蚀量的方法恢复了鄂尔多斯盆地东南部的4期剥蚀量。同时，用回剥法恢复了目的层的古厚度和古埋深，编制了单井埋藏史图和目的层在关键变革期的古构造图，并探讨了演化特征及对页岩气成藏的地质意义，对指导该区的进一步勘探开发有重要意义。

This study applied the principle and methods of compaction restoration for reconstructing paleo-geomorphology of the Second Member of Shahejie Formation in Zhuangxi area of Jiyang Depression. The analyzing processes include four steps: (1) correcting of apparent thickness; (2) establishing of compaction equations;(3) restoring compaction of formations in each single drilling well; (4) composing maps of thickness of original layer and paleogeomorphology. As a result, the minimum value of correction coefficient for the real thickness was calculated as 0.83, based on structural map of the top of the Second Member of Shahejie Formation. The compaction rates are generally higher than 30%. Furthermore, the paleo-geomorphological maps of the Second Member of Shahejie Formation during uplift and subsidence sedimentary periods in Zhuangxi area were compiled. One highland in the middle and two sags in the eastern and the western sides of the Zhuangxi area were recognized from the maps. Beach bars occurred mainly along the two sides of Gubei paleo-uplift, suggesting the formation and development of beaches were clearly controlled by paleo-morphological uplift.

济阳坳陷桩西地区沙二段埋深较大，应用残留厚度进行古地貌恢复存在较多问题。介绍了用压实法进行古地貌恢复的原理及方法。该方法分为视厚度校正、压实方程建立、单井压实厚度恢复、原始厚度图和古地貌图编制4个步骤。根据沙二段顶面构造图计算的真厚度校正系数最小可达0.83。压实结果表明压实率一般大于30%。结合视厚度校正、压实恢复结果和古水深，编制了沙二段基准面上升期和下降期的古地貌图，桩西地区沙二段古地貌中间高、东西两侧低。滩坝主要分布在孤北古隆起东西两侧，滩坝的发育明显受古隆起的控制。

Petroleum exploration of Huanghua Depression is very concerned due to the discovery of Nanpu Oilfield. Based on the deep crust structure features, there are double lowvelocity layers in the mid-crust, with depth of 15 kmand 20 km respectively. It is known that the lowvelocity layer ofmid-crust is rich in gases （such as CO2, CO, H2 etc.） which can synthesized into hydrocarbons under the moderate temperature and pressure conditions. The mantle fluid activities （such as alkaline metasomasis and Mg2+ metasomasis） and the mantle source CO2, CH4 and He gases （Gang 151 well） in the basin imply that they came from the deep hydrothermal fluids. Several buried hill structures developed in Huanghua Depression, such as Shenqingzhuang, Kongdian, Beidagang, Nandagang, Yangsanmu and so on. According to the inorganic genetic hypothesis, there are some large oil and gas reserves in the deep buried hills, rather than in the Tertiary sandstone lithologic reservoirs.

由于南堡油田的发现，使黄骅坳陷的石油勘探引起人们的广泛关注。根据坳陷深部地壳构造特征， 中、下地壳有低速层，其深度分别为15 km 和20 km。中地壳低速层富含气体（如CO2，CO，H2等），在合适的温度、压力条件下，这些气体可合成甲烷及其它烃类化合物。坳陷的地幔流体活动（如碱交代，Mg2+ 交代等）以及幔源CO2，CH4和He 气体（港151 井）都表明了它们均来自深部热液流体。黄骅坳陷发育多个潜山构造带（沈青庄、孔店、北大港、南大港、羊三木等），按照油气无机成因的假说，深部潜山带（而不是在第三系砂岩）中可望找到几个大型油气田（如千米桥潜山油气田）。

The idea and technique are both important in the process of compiling basin evolution sections. As compilers may give different interpretations to the same tectonic section and use different ideas and techniques in map making, the characteristics of paleo-tectonics in basin evolution sections in the same area may be utterly different. According to the principle of the balanced geological cross-section and theory of structural geology, this paper discusses some problems that may affect the reconstruction of paleo-tectonics when using the " back stripping" method in constructing the tectonic evolution sections. The authors emphasize that "geological conceptual balance" is more important than pure "geometric balance" in the constructiont of balanced geological cross--section and compilation of tectonic evolution sections by using the balanced section technique

本文根据平衡剖面原理，从构造地质学基本原理出发，讨论了采用“地层回剥”方法编制构造演化剖面时遇到的影响古构造复原的若干问题，强调建立平衡地质剖面和利用平衡剖面技术编制盆地构造演化剖面时，“地质概念上”的平衡和地质逻辑上的合理比纯粹的“几何学上”的平衡更重要。

The Mesozoic tectonic styles in Dagang prospect area include stretch,compression,strike-slip,adjustment and those related to volcanic rock.The Early and Middle Jurassic tectonic sublayer dominated by compression has the characteristics to develop the Kongxi buried-hill structure;the Jurassic-Cretaceous tectonic sublayer dominated by weak stretch has concurrent fault depressions and basins,and has strong volcanic activities;and the Late Cretaceous tectonic sublayer dominated by weak uplift has limited distribution of basins.The time and space distribution of the Jurassic-Cretaceous basins and their deformational characteristics are related to Yanshan-Qikou-Xingang buried faulted zone and the Mesozoic Cangdong faulted zone.The deformational dynamics is controlled by the compressional settings which are caused by the minor-angle oblique subduction of the Izanagi Plate and the continent-to-continent collision betneen the Yangtze Plate and the North China Plate.

大港探区中生代构造样式有伸展、挤压、走滑、调节以及与火山岩有关的构造样式。早、中保罗世构造亚层以挤压为主,以发育孔西潜山构造为特征;晚侏罗世-早白垩世构造亚层以弱伸展为主,断坳、盆地共存,并有强烈的火山活动;晚白垩世构造亚层以弱隆起为主,盆地分布局限。侏罗纪-白垩纪的盆地时空分布和变形特点与盐山-歧口-新港隐伏断裂带和中生代论东断裂带有关。变形动力学受控于伊泽奈崎板块的小角度斜向俯冲和扬子板块与华北板块陆陆碰撞造成的挤压背景。

The authors established a new method for the quantitative study of the depositional and erosional processes of sedimentary basins by the analysis method of wave process in basin evolution combining with the case study of the Huanghua Depression directed by Prof. Vladimir Shpilman. Prof. Zhang Yiwei and Prof. Vladimir Shpilman pointed out in 1982-1983 that the interference of a series of identical cyclic processes may result in a non-cyclic process, i. e., the observed spacious cyclic process called as sedimentary cycle or rhythm is the interference result of a number of wave processes with a cerium cycle and amplitude. Astronomy has proven that the cycle of solar system's revolution around the Galaxy is 200Ma, and geoscience shows that 60-70Ma, 30Ma are the important cycles to the earth evolution, mantle' s convection and organic evolution. These cycles control the evolution of a sedimentary basin, and there are still other cycles, such as 10, 7, 5, 3, 1, 0.65Ma which affect the evolution of the basin. During the revolution and rotation of the earth, the obliquity of the ecliptic and precession change regularly with cycles of 10×10 4 , 4×10 4 , 2×10 4 years. This is the famous Milankovitch theory which supports to study the high frequency wave processes and to predict the distribution of source rocks, reservoirs and cover beds.If Function F(t) that can describe the depositional and erosional processes of a basin has been obtained by the Study of strata data, including outcrop, drilling and well logging, the primarythickness of the observed strata is F(t), here t. and t refer to the starting and ending times of basin evolution, respectively, whereas the erosed thickness of a hiatus is, F (t), here t1 and t2 refer to the stuning and ending times of the hiatus, respectively.In order to complete the studies mentioned above, the following steps are prerequisite, (1)the selection of areas for study, (2)the statistics of raw data for every area, (3)the trasformation from lithology thichness section to Lithology- time section, (4) restoring the primary thickness and calculating the depeitonal rate, (5)drawing the curve of depositional rate, (6)establishing the wave equation. The reliability of raw data is the key to success. The restoration of primary thickness and calculation of depeitional rate require the study of subsidence history and the determination of strata age. And the use of sliding window is the effective means to separate cyclic waves. The analysis and calculation have proven that the erosion quantity of O2 in the Huanghua area of the Huabei platform is 220m, whether or not there is a depositional process in the Triassic in the Huabei platform is still an arguement. It is made out by us that there is a 15.5m of the Triassic deposit and erosional quantity of the platform in the Cretaceous is 128m. Another obvious advantage of this method is that it can tell you whether or not there is a depositional process during the period of hiatus, for example, three small scale dePOsitional processes from O3 to C1 may be seen from Fig. 3.

本文在概述了确定剥蚀厚度方法基础上，提出了沉积盆地沉积－剥蚀过程定量研究的一种新方法──盆地波动过程分析法。该方法从钻井地层厚度资料入手，通过沉降史的研究，恢复地层的原始沉积厚度，结合各组段地层年代框架的标定，计算出各组段的沉积速率，引入数理方法建立盆地演化的波动方程。并进行剖面和平面上的分析对比，实现对沉积－剥蚀过程的定量预测。