基于录井资料的页岩油随钻储集层评价技术

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侯力虎, 徐声驰, 刘志, 邹先锋, 罗宏斌, 冯志清, 甘新科, 吉军. 基于录井资料的页岩油随钻储集层评价技术[J]. 录井工程, 2021,32(2): 45-49.
HOU Lihu, XU Shengchi, LIU Zhi, ZOU Xianfeng, LUO Hongbin, FENG Zhiqing, GAN Xinke, JI Jun. Reservoir evaluation technology of shale oil while drilling based on mud logging data[J]. Mud Logging Engineering, 2021,32(2): 45-49.
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-9803.2021.02.009 复制到剪切板

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基于录井资料的页岩油随钻储集层评价技术

侯力虎, 徐声驰, 刘志, 邹先锋, 罗宏斌, 冯志清, 甘新科, 吉军

中国石油西部钻探工程有限公司地质研究院

作者简介：侯力虎工程师,1980年生,2004年毕业于中国地质大学(武汉)资源勘查工程专业,现在西部钻探地质研究院储集层导向研究所任技术总监。通信地址:834000 新疆克拉玛依市南新路2号。电话:(0990)6841422。E-mail:houlihu@cnpc.com.cn

收稿日期: 2021-02-02

摘要

由于页岩油非常规油藏特殊的地质特征,常规测井曲线无法对页岩油储集层的含油性和物性进行有效评价,必须依赖核磁测井进行相关评价,而应用核磁测井进行储集层评价费用昂贵,不便于大规模应用。以准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组页岩油为例,通过深入挖掘录井资料的潜力,发现录井参数与核磁孔隙度相关性较好,进而以核磁测井为参考标准,利用录井参数进行储集层孔隙度的拟合计算,形成了基于录井资料的储集层评价技术。运用该技术指导页岩油储集层压裂改造取得了良好的效果。

关键词: 页岩油; 气测校正; 岩石热解; XRD; 录井资料; 储集层评价; 孔隙度

中图分类号:TE132.1 文献标志码:A

Reservoir evaluation technology of shale oil while drilling based on mud logging data

HOU Lihu, XU Shengchi, LIU Zhi, ZOU Xianfeng, LUO Hongbin, FENG Zhiqing, GAN Xinke, JI Jun

CNPC XDEC Geological Research Institute, Karamay, Xinjiang 834000,China

Abstract

Because of the special geologic characteristics of unconventional shale oil reservoir, conventional well log can not evaluate the oil bearing and physical properties of shale oil reservoir effectively, and it is necessary to rely on nuclear magnetic logging for relevant evaluation. However, the reservoir evaluation by nuclear magnetic logging is expensive, which is not suitable for large-scale application. Taking the shale oil of Lucaogou Formation in Jimsar sag in the Junggar Basin as an example, it is found that the correlation between mud logging parameters and nuclear magnetic porosity is good by deeply tapping the potential of mud logging data. Then taking nuclear magnetic logging as the reference standard, the reservoir porosity is fitted by mud logging parameters, and the reservoir evaluation technology based on mud logging data is formed. Good results have been achieved by using this technology to guide shale oil reservoir fracturing.

Keyword: shale oil; gas logging correction; rock pyrolysis; XRD; mud logging data; reservoir evaluation; porosity

文章图片

0 引言

准噶尔盆地二叠系芦草沟组是中国最为古老的陆相液态烃页岩层系之一, 是近海咸化湖盆混积岩沉积。吉木萨尔凹陷是准噶尔盆地东部典型富液态烃凹陷, 构造上呈现西断东超、整体向西倾的单斜, 凹陷页岩油资源丰富, 其中P₂l₂上甜点和P₂l₁下甜点是其主力储集层。研究表明吉木萨尔页岩油储集层的储集空间是以基质孔隙为主, 天然大裂缝(直劈、斜劈、低角度水平裂缝)为辅的储集类型^[1]。近年来, 随着吉木萨尔页岩油勘探开发的不断深入, 如何优选层段进行压裂改造成了困扰页岩油开发进程的一大难题。前期对页岩油储集层评价主要依靠核磁测井来进行定级, 由于核磁测井费用昂贵且解释结果存在多解性, 不能满足页岩油储集层评价的生产需求, 而录井资料可以更加直观地反映储集层的含油性, 因此深入挖掘录井资料的潜力, 分析得到气测指数、轻质原油指数、矿物孔隙度指数, 利用录井衍生参数与核磁孔隙度的相关性, 建立了利用录井资料评价储集层的方法^[2]。

1 利用气测录井评价储集层物性

气测录井是对钻井过程中返出钻井液中的烃类气体含量进行连续监测, 能够直观反映储集层的含油气性^{[3, 4, 5]}。而含油气丰度的大小往往受储集层物性影响。通过研究录井气测与储集层物性之间的相关性, 建立录井气测与测井核磁之间的联系, 实现利用气测来评价储集层物性的目的^{[6, 7, 8]}。

1.1 气测校正

影响气测值大小的因素很多, 为了使气测能够更加真实地反映地层的含油气丰度, 必须对气测值进行校正。在相同的钻井条件下正常钻进时:

T_g测量值=T_g背景值+T_g破碎+T_g压差

式中:T_g测量值为气测测量值, %; T_g背景值为气测背景值, %; T_g破碎为岩石破碎气测量值, %; T_g压差为压差气测量值, %。

背景气一般主要表现为气测基值的抬升, 与正钻地层的含油气丰度无关。破碎气主要受钻时、钻头直径、排量的影响较大。压差气一般是由于钻井液液柱压力小于地层压力而形成的, 压差气的大小既受压差影响, 也受储集层物性影响(储集层物性好, 压差大, 压差气含量高)。

根据吉木萨尔页岩油已钻井资料分析表明:气测值大小受钻时影响较大, 而由于页岩油特殊的储集层条件(低孔隙度、低渗透率), 压差对气测值影响较小。因此对气测值(T_g)进行了破碎气校正。

T_g=T_g背景值+T_{g破碎校正}

T_{g破碎校正}=(T_g测量值Qt)/(π D²/4)

式中:t为钻时, min/m; Q为钻井液泵排量, m³/min; T_{g破碎校正}为岩石破碎气校正值, %; D为钻头直径, m。

1.2 气测指数的建立

通过对吉木萨尔页岩油70口井(直井+水平井)上、下甜点(P₂ ${l_{2}}^{2 ⁃ 2}$ 、P₂ ${l_{1}}^{2 ⁃ 2}$ )气测资料的研究发现:气测全烃值与背景值的比值(I_g)与核磁测井的可动孔隙度(CMFF)具有很好的相关性(图1)。

I_g=T_{g破碎校正}/T_g背景值

I_g=aCMFF+b

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 X井气测指数与核磁可动孔隙度相关性分析

式中:I_g为气测指数; T_{g破碎校正}为校正的气测全烃值, %; T_g背景值为紧邻储集层的泥岩段的气测背景值, %; CMFF为核磁测井可动孔隙度, %; a、b为关系系数。

鉴于气测指数能够反映储集层的可动孔隙度, 利用气测指数对页岩油55口水平井进行了解释评价, 参考核磁测井的解释结果, 制定了基于气测指数的储集层评价标准(表1)。

表1 页岩油储集层评价标准(气测指数)

2 利用岩石热解评价储集层物性

由于石油是由烃类、胶质、沥青质和少量的非烃组成的混合物, 而这些物质具有不同的沸点, 特别是胶质、沥青质大分子化合物在一定温度下能够裂解成小分子而蒸发出来。因此在程序升温过程中石油能够蒸发、裂解出不同的烃类物质, 如汽油、柴油、煤油等。

热解分析的主要参数如下:

S₀, 90℃恒温2 min的热解值; S₁₁, 200℃恒温1 min的热解值; S₂₁, 200~350℃程序升温, 升温速率50℃/min, 350℃恒温1 min的热解值; S₂₂, 350~450℃程序升温, 升温速率50℃/min, 450 ℃恒温1 min的热解值; S₂₃, 450~600℃程序升温, 升温速率50℃/min, 450℃恒温1 min的热解值。

通过对吉木萨尔页岩油岩石热解数据的分析发现, 甜点内储集岩所对应的热解谱图S₁₁、S₂₁、S₂₂均有明显幅度, 热解值呈现明显的双峰。甜点外烃源岩热解谱图的S₁₁、S₂₁值缺失, 热解峰值主要出现在S₂₂、S₂₃之间, 反映热解成分以重组分为主(图2)。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 页岩油储集层与非储集层岩石热解谱图对比

在对热解数据分析研究的基础上, 又进行了岩石热解与核磁测井的相关性分析, 发现热解衍生参数(轻质原油指数)与核磁可动孔隙度(CMFF)之间具有良好的相关性(图3)。

P₂=(S₁₁+S₂₁)/(S₀+S₁₁+S₂₁+S₂₂+S₂₃)

P₂=iCMFF+j

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图3 X井轻质原油指数与核磁可动孔隙度相关性分析

式中:P₂为轻质原油指数; i、j为关系系数。

鉴于轻质原油指数能够反映储集层的可动孔隙度, 利用轻质原油指数对页岩油30口水平井进行了解释评价, 参考核磁测井的解释结果, 制定了基于轻质原油指数的储集层评价标准(表2)。

表2 页岩油储集层评价标准(轻质原油指数)

3 利用XRD评价储集层物性

全岩衍射矿物分析技术(XRD)是利用X射线入射到晶体时, 不同原子散射的X射线相互干涉, 在某些特殊方向上产生强X射线衍射。由于不同矿物的晶体结构不同, 其衍射线在空间的分布方位和强度也不同, 以此来识别岩石的矿物成分。其干涉加强条件要满足布拉格方程:

2dsinθ =nλ

式中:d为晶面间距, nm; n为反射级数; θ 为掠射角, (° ); λ 为X射线的波长, nm。

通过对工区内XRD数据分析研究发现:甜点内的斜长石含量相对较高, 白云石和方解石含量相对较低。甜点外斜长石含量降低, 白云石和方解石含量升高, 敏感矿物(斜长石、白云石+方解石)含量的高低能够较好地刻画储集层特征, 具有较高可靠性。

在筛选出敏感矿物的基础上, 通过大量的统计分析, 结合核磁测井拟合回归, 建立了利用XRD矿物计算岩石孔隙度的方法。

I_p=mPl/(Dol+Cal)+g

式中:I_p为矿物孔隙度指数; Pl为斜长石含量, %; Dol为白云石含量, %; Cal为方解石含量, %; m、g为关系系数(m=0.035 5, g=0.071 2)。

根据矿物含量计算的矿物孔隙度与核磁总孔隙度相关性较好(图4), 呈正相关。

TCMR=eI_p+f

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图4 X井矿物孔隙度指数与核磁总孔隙度相关性分析

式中:TCMR为核磁总孔隙度, %; e、f为关系系数。

鉴于矿物孔隙度指数能够反映储集层的总孔隙度, 利用矿物孔隙度指数对页岩油15口水平井进行了解释评价, 参考核磁测井的解释结果, 制定了基于矿物孔隙度指数的储集层评价标准(表3)。

表3 页岩油储集层评价标准(矿物孔隙度指数)

4 应用实例

J 13井是新疆油田在吉木萨尔页岩油层实施的一口产能水平井, 该井在录井施工中进行了气测、XRD、岩石热解等录井技术的随钻应用, 现场进行了随钻储集层评价。其结果与完井核磁测井进行对比发现, 两种方法计算结果具有很高的相似性(图5), 随钻评价结果与核磁测井结果一致。证明了利用录井参数进行随钻储集层评价的实用性。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图5 J 13井随钻储集层评价(录井参数)

5 结论

随着油气勘探开发的不断深入, 页岩油、页岩气等非常规油藏勘探开发越来越受到重视, 因此针对非常规油藏的储集层评价也显得越来越重要。通过在吉木萨尔页岩油地区开展气测、岩石热解、XRD等录井资料的数据挖掘, 利用校正后的气测值和岩石热解参数得到与核磁测井可动孔隙度相关性较好的气测指数及轻质原油指数, 通过XRD矿物计算得到与核磁总孔隙度相关性较好的矿物孔隙度指数, 建立基于录井资料的储集层评价标准。

在吉木萨尔页岩油地区首次建立应用录井资料评价储集层物性的方法, 在减少勘探开发投入的同时能够较为准确地进行储集层评价, 在技术上弥补了单纯依靠测井进行评价的不足, 具有良好的应用前景和广阔的应用空间。应用基于录井资料的页岩油储集层评价技术, 不仅提高了录井工程服务的技术含量, 也为工程地质一体化提供了技术基础。

(编辑陈娟)

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蒋裕强, 董大忠, 漆麟, 等. 页岩气储层的基本特征及评价[J]. 天然气工业, 2010, 30(10): 7-12.

JIANG

Yuqiang

, DONG

Dazhong

, QI

Lin

, et al. Basic features and evaluation of shale gas reservoirs[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2010, 30(10): 7-12.

Shale gas reservoirs are featured by unique gas occurrence and continuous gas accumulation, and their characteristics and evaluation criteria are different from those of conventional gas reservoirs. Just due to the said peculiarities, related studies on shale gas reservoir features and evaluation are relatively poor at present in China, so it is essential to establish corresponding evaluation criteria. Based on an investigation into a number of literatures at home and abroad, in combination with the latest shallow exploratory drilling data and outcrop data in the Sichuan Basin, we performed an indepth analysis of the basic features of shale gas reservoirs, including organic matter, mineral composition, physical properties, and poroperm characteristics, and presented the main contents of shale gas reservoir evaluation. In addition, eight key geologic factors such as organic abundance, thermal maturity, and gas content, etc. are selected and corresponding evaluation criteria are established. According to these criteria, the Lower Palaeozoic Qiongzhusi and Longmaxi formations in the Sichuan Basin are favorable targets for marine black shale gas exploration.

1.School of Resources & Environment, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China; 2.Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China; 3.Zichang Production Plant, Yanchang Oilfield Co., Ltd., Zichang County, Shaanxi 717300, China

页岩气独特的赋存状态，“连续成藏”的聚集模式，区别于常规天然气储层的特征以及评价内容等决定了页岩气储层研究的特殊性。目前，国内针对页岩气储层特征及评价的工作开展得相对较少，需要建立相应的评价标准。在大量调研国外文献的基础上，综合利用四川盆地最新的浅井钻探和野外露头取样资料，从常规储层研究思路入手，详细分析了页岩气储层的基本特征（有机质特征、矿物组成、物性特征、储渗空间特征），进而总结了页岩气储层评价的主要内容；同时，借鉴美国页岩气勘探成功经验，从实际资料出发，筛选出有机质丰度、热成熟度、含气性等8大关键地质因素，进而提出了一套较为适用的储层评价标准。据该标准评价后认为，四川盆地下古生界筇竹寺组和龙马溪组2套海相黑色页岩具有良好的勘探开发前景。

... 研究表明吉木萨尔页岩油储集层的储集空间是以基质孔隙为主,天然大裂缝(直劈、斜劈、低角度水平裂缝)为辅的储集类型^[1] ...

2010

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邹才能, 董大忠, 王社教, 等. 中国页岩气形成机理、地质特征及资源潜力[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2010, 37(6): 641-653.

ZOU

Caineng

, DONG

Dazhong

, WANG

Shejiao

, et al. Geological characteristics, formation mechanism and resource potential of shale gas in China[J]. Petroleum Exploration & Development, 2010, 37(6): 641-653.

Abstract With Sichuan Basin as focus, this paper introduces the depositional environment, geochemical and reservoir characteristics, gas concentration and prospective resource potential of three different types of shale in China: marine shale, marine-terrigenous shale and terrigenous shale. Marine shale features high organic abundance ( TOC : 1.0%–5.5%), high-over maturity ( R o : 2%–5%), rich accumulation of shale gas (gas concentration: 1.17–6.02 m 3 /t) and mainly continental shelf deposition, mainly distributed in the Paleozoic in the Yangtze area, Southern China, the Paleozoic in Northern China Platform and the Cambrian-Ordovician in Tarim Basin; Marine-terrigenous coalbed carbonaceous shale has high organic abundance ( TOC : 2.6%–5.4%) and medium maturity ( R o : 1.1%–2.5%); terrigenous shale in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic has high organic abundance ( TOC : 0.5%–22.0%) and mid-low maturity ( R o : 0.6–1.5%). The study on shale reservoirs in the Lower Paleozoic in Sichuan Basin discoveried nanometer-sized pores for the first time, and Cambrian and Silurian marine shale developed lots of micro- and nanometer-sized pores (100–200 nm), which is quite similar to the conditions in North America. Through comprehensive evaluation, it is thought that several shale gas intervals in Sichuan Basin are the practical targets for shale gas exploration and development, and that the Weiyuan-Changning area in the Mid-South of Sichuan Basin, which is characterized by high thermal evolution degree ( R o : 2.0%–4.0%), high porosity (3.0%–4.8%), high gas concentration (2.82–3.28 m 3 /t), high brittle mineral content (40%–80%) and proper burial depth (1500–4500 m), is the core area for shale gas exploration and development, the daily gas production for Well Wei 201 is 1×10 4 –2×10 4 m 3 . 摘要：以四川盆地为重点，介绍中国海相、海陆过渡相、陆相三大类型页岩形成的沉积环境、地球化学与储集层特征、含气量与远景资源量。中国海相页岩是一套高有机质丰度（TOC为1.0%～5.5%）、高—过成熟（Ro值为2.0%～5.0%）、富含页岩气（含气量1.17～6.02 m3/t）、以陆棚相为主的沉积，主要分布在华南扬子地区古生界、华北地台古生界和塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系；海陆过渡相煤系炭质页岩有机质丰度高（TOC为2.6%～5.4%）、成熟度适中（Ro值为1.1%～2.5%）；中新生界陆相页岩有机质丰度高（TOC为0.5%～22.0%）、低熟—成熟（Ro值为0.6%～1.5%）。在对四川盆地下古生界页岩储集层研究中首次发现，寒武系和志留系海相页岩发育大量与北美地区相似的微米—纳米级孔隙。综合评价认为四川盆地发育的多套页岩气层系是勘探开发的现实领域，四川盆地中南部威远—长宁等地区的寒武系和志留系是页岩气勘探开发的核心区与层系，其特点是：热演化程度较高（Ro值为2.0%～4.0%）、孔隙度较高（3.0%～4.8%），含气量较高（2.82～3.28 m3/t）、脆性矿物含量较高（40%～80%）、埋深适中（1 500～4 500 m），有利于开采。图7表7参38

... 前期对页岩油储集层评价主要依靠核磁测井来进行定级,由于核磁测井费用昂贵且解释结果存在多解性,不能满足页岩油储集层评价的生产需求,而录井资料可以更加直观地反映储集层的含油性,因此深入挖掘录井资料的潜力,分析得到气测指数、轻质原油指数、矿物孔隙度指数,利用录井衍生参数与核磁孔隙度的相关性,建立了利用录井资料评价储集层的方法^[2] ...

2015

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... 1 利用气测录井评价储集层物性气测录井是对钻井过程中返出钻井液中的烃类气体含量进行连续监测,能够直观反映储集层的含油气性^[3,4,5] ...

2018

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... 1 利用气测录井评价储集层物性气测录井是对钻井过程中返出钻井液中的烃类气体含量进行连续监测,能够直观反映储集层的含油气性^[3,4,5] ...

2015

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韩国生, 周艳红, 田野, 等. 四川威远页岩气储集层录井解释评价方法[J]. 录井工程, 2015, 26(3): 75-79.

HAN

Guosheng

, ZHOU

Yanhong

, TIAN

, et al. Mud logging interpretation and evaluation method for shale gas in Weiyuan area, Sichuan Basin[J]. Mud Logging Engineering, 2015, 26(3): 75-79.

... 1 利用气测录井评价储集层物性气测录井是对钻井过程中返出钻井液中的烃类气体含量进行连续监测,能够直观反映储集层的含油气性^[3,4,5] ...

2012

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康玉柱. 中国非常规泥页岩油气藏特征及勘探前景展望[J]. 天然气工业, 2012, 32(4): 1-5.

KANG

Yuzhu

. Characteristics and exploration prospect of unconventional shale gas reservoirs in China[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2012, 32(4): 1-5.

Unconventional hydrocarbon resources have become one of the major targets for oil and gas exploration in present China, among which shale gas reservoirs are the best and the most practical choice. In view of this, this paper summarizes the characteristics of unconventional shale gas reservoirs in China. (1) Dark shales mainly include marine, interactive marine & terrestrial deposit, and lacustrine mudstones and shales. (2) The common types are agrillaceous shale, carbonaceous shale, siliceous shale, and calcareous shale. (3) Shale gas pooling are usually found in such hypoxia environments as closed bay, lagoon, deep lake, undercompensated basin, deep shelf, etc. (4) The effective indexes for dark shales are generalized as follows: more than 0.5% in the TOC value, over 40% in the content of brittle minerals, less than 4000 m in the burial depth, more than 30 m in effective thickness, and over 50 km 2 in the effective area. Therefore, based on the fact of widely distributed dark shales all over China and the breakthrough made in shale gas exploration, it is predicted that shale gas resource reserves will be at least 60×10 12~ 80×10 12 m 3 in China. With this great potential, shale gas resources will be the next important field of oil and gas exploration and development. In the end, this paper also suggests that other peculiar geological conditions like complex surface, burial depth, poststage preservation, environmental protection, etc. should be highly focused on in the further shale gas exploration and development.

Sinopec Exploration & Development Research Institute, Beijing 100083, China

非常规油气资源正在成为中国油气勘探的重要对象之一，其中泥页岩油气藏是目前具现实意义的选择。为此，归纳了中国非常规泥页岩油气藏的特征：①暗色泥页岩主要包括海相、海陆交互相、陆相泥岩和页岩；②常见的类型包括泥质泥页岩、碳质泥页岩、硅质泥页岩、钙质泥页岩；③主要形成于缺氧的闭塞海湾、澙湖、湖泊深水区、欠补偿盆地及深水陆棚等沉积环境中；④暗色泥页岩有效性指标主要概括为：总有机碳含量超过0.5%、脆性矿物含量超过40%、埋藏深度浅于4 000 m、有效厚度大于30 m、有效面积大于50 km 2 。基于暗色泥页岩广泛分布和对其油气勘探已取得的突破，认为中国泥页岩气的资源量介于60×10 12 ~80×10 12 m 3 ，勘探开发潜力大，是今后油气勘探的重要领域之一。最后建议：中国泥页岩油气勘探开发应注意复杂地表、埋藏深度、后期保存、环境保护等特殊地质条件。

... 通过研究录井气测与储集层物性之间的相关性,建立录井气测与测井核磁之间的联系,实现利用气测来评价储集层物性的目的^[6,7,8] ...

2014

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冯杏芬, 李朝晖, 郭建辉, 等. 岩石热解录井在文留地区页岩油气勘探中的应用[J]. 录井工程, 2014, 25(2): 60-63.

FENG

Xingfen

, LI

Zhaohui

, GUO

Jianhui

, et al. Application of rock pyrolysis logging to shale oil and gas exploration in Wenliu area[J]. Mud Logging Engineering, 2014, 25(2): 60-63.

... 通过研究录井气测与储集层物性之间的相关性,建立录井气测与测井核磁之间的联系,实现利用气测来评价储集层物性的目的^[6,7,8] ...

2011

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方锡贤, 程昌茹, 孟玲志, 等. 录井技术在AS1井页岩油气解释评价中的应用[J]. 录井工程, 2011, 22(3): 57-61.

FANG

Xixian

, CHENG

Changru

, MENG

Lingzhi

, et al. Application of mud logging technology in shale oil and gas interpretation and evaluation of AS1 well[J]. Mud Logging Engineering, 2011, 22(3): 57-61.

... 通过研究录井气测与储集层物性之间的相关性,建立录井气测与测井核磁之间的联系,实现利用气测来评价储集层物性的目的^[6,7,8] ...